With Disk Drill, you can restore all kinds of files from a RAW partition, including documents, images, video, audio, file archives, and more. The basic version of Disk Drill can preview and recover up to 500Mb of recoverable files.
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TestDisk is a free and open-source application whose purpose is to recover lost partitions and/or make non-booting disks bootable again. As such, it comes in handy when attempting to recover data from a RAW hard drive or any other storage device.
This means your card is partitioned, and you should get down to one partition before formatting. Adjusting partitions and their sizes is most easily accomplished with a GUI tool called Gparted, a visual version of the command-line parted.
Most Linux distributions for the Raspberry Pi create at least two partitions on the SD card. The first partition is always /boot, because the Raspberry Pi GPU reads its firmware from the beginning of the SD card. The second partition is usually / (also known as the root partition).
In Figure 1-1, the MMC block device name is mmcblk0, and it has two partitions, p0 and p1. This gives you enough information to determine the Linux device names for these partitions: /dev/mmcblk0p0 and /dev/mmcblk0p1. You can confirm these are the correct device names by running:
It is also possible to mount the /boot partition inside the mounted / partition, but we recommend keeping them separate. That way, if you forget to mount the boot partition, it is more obvious, and you avoid the problem of accidentally copying files into the /boot directory on the root partition. Remember, Linux mounts the boot partition on top of that /boot directory, and any files that get copied into that directory when the boot partition is not mounted are not visible!
Just make sure the boot partition is mounted, and then change into that directory (/mnt/raspi-boot) and directly edit config.txt (as root). Save your changes, and then run sync to make sure the buffers get written back to the SD card.
From here on, we will assume that the boot partition from your SD card with the Raspberry Pi Linux distribution image is mounted at /mnt/raspbi-boot. Current versions of Fedora (including Pidora) will automount it to /run/media/$USERNAME/boot, where $USERNAME is your username, so if you have it mounted somewhere else, substitute that mount point in the next set of instructions.
We strongly recommend that you back up the existing (and presumably) working copies of these files at this point. You can accomplish this by renaming these files (as root) in the mounted boot partition first:
Then it should be safe to unmount the SD card partition(s) and eject the SD card. You can unmount these partitions from the GUI interface of your Linux laptop, or you can manually unmount them from the terminal by changing into a directory that is not in either of the mounted partitions and then enter:
Linux has long inclued the concept of swap, where the kernel is capable of moving memory pages between RAM and disk. In practical application, this provides more usable memory to the OS (at the cost of disk space). Because the Raspberry Pi Model B only has 512 MB of memory, the idea of adding swap files (or partitions) to increase the usable memory is compelling.
Before we begin, you should be aware of a downside to this approach. Swap is only as fast as the speed of the storage device that it is written to. It also is a highly write-intensive operation. From a practical perspective, this means that if you add swap to your SD card in your Raspberry Pi, it will cause the overall disk performance to drop significantly and notably shorten the life of the SD card.
Because the entire OS on the Raspberry Pi runs off the SD card, we strongly recommend that you not place swap files or partitions on the SD card. These downsides also apply to a USB flash drive connected to the Raspberry Pi. Because they are also flash-based storage devices, adding swap files from USB flash drives will cause the same overall performance slowdowns and shortening of life span. If you really want to add swap, the best possible case is over an actual external hard drive connected via a SATA-to-USB converter.
MiniTool Partition Wizard is a professional data recovery tool that is excellent at recovering lost data and partitions. Besides, it is also a disk cloning tool that enables you to clone a disk or partition easily.
Vicky is a website editor who has been writing tech articles since she was graduated from university. Most of her articles talk about Windows PC and hard disk issues. Some of her articles also touch on YouTube usage and issues.
Proxmox VE uses the unique Proxmox Cluster file system (pmxcfs), adatabase-driven file system for storing configuration files. Thisenables you to store the configuration of thousands of virtualmachines. By using corosync, these files are replicated in real timeon all cluster nodes. The file system stores all data inside apersistent database on disk, nonetheless, a copy of the data residesin RAM which provides a maximum storage size of 30MB - more thanenough for thousands of VMs.
The installer will guide you through the setup, allowing you to partition thelocal disk(s), apply basic system configurations (for example, timezone,language, network) and install all required packages. This process should nottake more than a few minutes. Installing with the provided ISO is therecommended method for new and existing users.
With this option you can boot an existing installation. It searches all attachedhard disks. If it finds an existing installation, it boots directly into thatdisk using the Linux kernel from the ISO. This can be useful if there areproblems with the boot block (grub) or the BIOS is unable to read the boot blockfrom the disk.
After selecting Install Proxmox VE and accepting the EULA, the prompt to select thetarget hard disk(s) will appear. The Options button opens the dialog to selectthe target file system.
The next step shows a summary of the previously selected options. Re-check everysetting and use the Previous button if a setting needs to be changed. Toaccept, press Install. The installation starts to format disks and copiespackages to the target. Please wait until this step has finished; then removethe installation medium and restart your system.
Defines the total hard disk size to be used. This way you can reserve free spaceon the hard disk for further partitioning (for example for an additional PV andVG on the same hard disk that can be used for LVM storage).
The installer creates the ZFS pool rpool. No swap space is created but you canreserve some unpartitioned space on the install disks for swap. You can alsocreate a swap zvol after the installation, although this can lead to problems.(see ZFS swap notes).
Defines the ashift value for the created pool. The ashift needs to be set atleast to the sector-size of the underlying disks (2 to the power of ashift isthe sector-size), or any disk which might be put in the pool (for example thereplacement of a defective disk).
Defines the total hard disk size to be used. This is useful to save free spaceon the hard disk(s) for further partitioning (for example to create aswap-partition). hdsize is only honored for bootable disks, that is only thefirst disk or mirror for RAID0, RAID1 or RAID10, and all disks in RAID-Z[123].
A virtual LAN (VLAN) is a broadcast domain that is partitioned andisolated in the network at layer two. So it is possible to havemultiple networks (4096) in a physical network, each independent ofthe other ones.
Starting with Proxmox VE 4.3, the package smartmontools [smartmontools homepage ]is installed and required. This is a set of tools to monitor and controlthe S.M.A.R.T. system for local hard disks.
By default, smartmontools daemon smartd is active and enabled, and scansthe disks under /dev/sdX and /dev/hdX every 30 minutes for errors and warnings, and sends ane-mail to root if it detects a problem.
If you use your hard disks with a hardware raid controller, there are most likely toolsto monitor the disks in the raid array and the array itself. For more information about this,please refer to the vendor of your raid controller.
Most people install Proxmox VE directly on a local disk. The Proxmox VEinstallation CD offers several options for local disk management, andthe current default setup uses LVM. The installer lets you select asingle disk for such setup, and uses that disk as physical volume forthe Volume Group (VG) pve. The following output is from atest installation using a small 8GB disk:
We install two boot loaders by default. The first partition containsthe standard GRUB boot loader. The second partition is an EFI SystemPartition (ESP), which makes it possible to boot on EFI systems.
A mirror vdev (RAID1) will approximately behave like a single disk in regardto both parameters when writing data. When reading data the performance willscale linearly with the number of disks in the mirror.
A common situation is to have 4 disks. When setting it up as 2 mirror vdevs(RAID10) the pool will have the write characteristics as two single disks inregard to IOPS and bandwidth. For read operations it will resemble 4 singledisks.
A RAIDZ of any redundancy level will approximately behave like a single diskin regard to IOPS with a lot of bandwidth. How much bandwidth depends on thesize of the RAIDZ vdev and the redundancy level.
While a pool made of mirror vdevs will have the best performancecharacteristics, the usable space will be 50% of the disks available. Less if amirror vdev consists of more than 2 disks, for example in a 3-way mirror. Atleast one healthy disk per mirror is needed for the pool to stay functional.
The usable space of a RAIDZ type vdev of N disks is roughly N-P, with P beingthe RAIDZ-level. The RAIDZ-level indicates how many arbitrary disks can failwithout losing data. A special case is a 4 disk pool with RAIDZ2. In thissituation it is usually better to use 2 mirror vdevs for the better performanceas the usable space will be the same. 2ff7e9595c
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